Why Circular Economy Matters for Education Estates

Natalie Ibbott • 12 June 2026

Universities and further education providers have a significant opportunity to lead the transition to circularity and a net-zero future. As long-term owners and managers of complex estates, they make decisions that shape not only operational performance, but also material use, carbon impact and adaptability of buildings over many decades.

There is a major opportunity to move beyond a traditional take-make-waste model and instead apply a circular systems approach - treating assets as living material banks: retaining existing buildings where possible, reusing materials – keeping them at their highest value, and designing spaces that can evolve over time. 


Circularity is therefore an essential route to reducing embodied carbon, cutting waste and making better use of the resources already embedded within university estates. Through a circular approach, universities can benefit from resource efficiency, lower lifecycle costs, and enhanced wellbeing for users and stakeholders.


Did you know?


The construction and built-environment sector remains highly wasteful, producing over 60 million tonnes of waste annually - approximately two-thirds of the UK total. A circular approach focuses on conserving materials at their highest value and designing buildings for adaptability, resilience, and reuse.

Design is where the greatest influence exists in a building's lifecycle:


  • Specifying reused and reclaimed materials
  • Designing for disassembly
  • Standardising dimensions
  • Using mechanical fixings instead of adhesives where possible
  • Choosing materials with recycled content or reuse potential
  • Preparing material passports / asset registers


Once a building is constructed in a certain way, these options largely close. If reuse is designed in from the start, much more can be recovered later. Design and planning for circularity is key!


Construction is the first major spike in waste generation wtih typically 10–15% of all materials ordered ending up as site waste (offcuts, breakage, over-ordering, packaging). At this stage there is a strong opportunity to prevent waste and improve recovery:


  • Ordering accurately
  • Using modular / prefabricated systems
  • Segregating waste streams on site
  • Returning pallets, packaging, and unused products
  • Reusing surplus materials elsewhere


Preventing waste is usually more effective than trying to manage it later


Waste is also generated continuously through repair, maintenance, replacement and day-to-day operations. This period offers major opportunities for circular resource management through reuse and recycling, utilising resource inventories, planned maintenance, and good operational waste management.The in-use stage is often one of the best opportunities to preserve value, because components are still identifiable, accessible, and often reusable before they become damaged or mixed with other waste streams.


Up to 70% of a project’s whole-life carbon emissions are determined before RIBA Stage 3, making early-stage choices critical.Substructure, frame, floors, and roof elements make up 50–85% of a building’s embodied carbon. While carbon assessment accuracy increases as a project progresses, the ability to influence the carbon outcome diminishes, reinforcing the importance of early action.


Refurbishment is arguably the most underexploited window in practice, but often the most practical. A pre-refurbishment audit allows salvageable fixtures, fittings, raised floors, ceiling systems, MEP components, glazing, structural elements and more to be catalogued and either reused on-site, sold or donated. The difference between a selective strip-out and simply gutting a building is enormous in terms of what is recoverable. Components are still intact and can often be reused directly, reducing the need for unecessarily using more resources to manufacture more products.


End-of-life deconstruction - taking a building apart systematically rather than knocking it down, can recover structural elements such as steel, timber, bricks, stone and mechanical plant in resaleable condition. The main barriers are time and costs - which is why taking expert advice at an early stage is essential to maximising circularity. Reusing and recycling large material volumes is possible if materials are separated properly, keeping products and materials in use at their highest values for longer.


Some Examples of Circularity in Action



A Reusefully pre-refurbishment audit for the University of Strathcyde identified 65 tonnes of material that could be reused, representing around 14% of the total weight of arisings, equivalent to around 26 tonnes of embodied carbon (tCO2e). This included brick, lighting, ceiling panels, carpet, stone, doors, lecture theatre seating. Additionally, 80% of total waste arising by weight was suitable for high value recycling, including brick, glass, metals and concrete. The redevelopment will create the Charles Huang Advanced Technology & Innovation Centre (CHATIC). The CHATIC scheme is turing an old, redundant building into a new facility as a research facility and innovation hub for health technologies, 5G communications and industrial AI. 





Reusefully undertook a pre-refurbishment audit at a building owned by the University of Cambridge finding almost 700 tonnes of waste predicted to be generated by the works. The thorough audit recommended a 98% diversion rate from landfill, of which 87 tonnes (12%) could be reused, including stone, brick, glass, furniture and timber.





A Reusefully pre-deconstruction audit for the London School of Economics estimated a total diversion from landfill target of 97% by weight, with over 1,000 tonnes (13% by weight) of material being suitable for reuse including brick, structural steel, stone cladding and pillars, flooring as well as architectural components such and windows, doors and railings.





In a pre-deconstruction audit for Imperial College London, Reusefully recommended for reuse 186 tonnes of material equating to 131 tCO2e of avoided upfront embodied carbon in future projects where these reclaimed items are used. This included structural steelwork, concrete paving, soil, brick, windows, solar panels, sanitaryware and raised access flooring.

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